Geografie 2026, 131, 279-303
https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2026.014
Destination image across Chinese- and English-language reviews of Macao’s Historic Centre: A cognitive-affective-behavioral analysis
Ji-Rui Pang
Nanjing University of the Arts, School of Cultural Industries, Nanjing, China
Received March 2026
Accepted July 2026
References
1. BLEI, D.M., LAFFERTY, J.D. (2006): Dynamic topic models. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning ICML ’06.
<https://doi.org/10.1145/1143844.1143859>
2. CAO, J., XIA, T., LI, J., ZHANG, Y., TANG, S. (2009): A density-based method for adaptive LDA model selection. Neurocomputing, 72, 7, 1775−1781.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2008.06.011>
3. CHEN, Q., LIU, R., JIANG, Q., XU, S. (2024): Exploring cross-cultural disparities in tourists’ perceived images: A text mining and sentiment analysis study using LDA and BERT-BILSTM models. Data Technologies and Applications, 58, 4, 669−690.
<https://doi.org/10.1108/DTA-10-2023-0645>
4. CHEN, X., LI, J., HAN, W., LIU, S. (2021): Urban tourism destination image perception based on LDA integrating social network and emotion analysis: The example of Wuhan. Sustainability, 14, 1, 12.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010012>
5. , Z., XU, F. (2021): Influencing factors and mechanism of tourist loyalty in rural homestay (B&B) tourist destinations: An empirical analysis based on the ABC attitude model. Economic Geography, 41, 5, 232−240.
6. DEWAR, K., DU CROS, H., LI, W. (2012): The search for World Heritage brand awareness beyond the iconic heritage: A case study of the Historic Centre of Macao. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7, 4, 323−339.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2012.722640>
7. GARTNER, W.C. (1993): Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2, 2−3, 191–216.
<https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12>
8. , L., ZHAN, Y., FANG, D. (2025): Research on the influence mechanism of agricultural heritage tourism authenticity on tourists’ cultural identity: A serial mediation model based on CAC theory. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 39, 10, 199−208.
9. HUNT, J.D. (1975): Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13, 3, 1−7.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757501300301>
10. JIA, M., FENG, J., CHEN, Y., ZHAO, C. (2024): Visual analysis of social media data on experiences at a World Heritage tourist destination: Historic Centre of Macau. Buildings, 14, 7, 2188.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072188>
11. KANG, M., MOSCARDO, G. (2006): Exploring cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards responsible tourist behaviour: A comparison of Korean, British and Australian tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11, 4, 303−320.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660600931143>
12. KIRILENKO, A.P., STEPCHENKOVA, S.O., KIM, H., LI, X. (2017): Automated sentiment analysis in tourism: Comparison of approaches. Journal of Travel Research, 57, 8, 1012−1025.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517729757>
13. KOENS, K., POSTMA, A., PAPP, B. (2018): Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10, 12, 4384.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384>
14. LEE, J.-S., PARK, S. (2023): A cross-cultural anatomy of destination image: An application of mixed methods of UGC and survey. Tourism Management, 98, 104746.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104746>
15. LI, J., LIN, F., YANG, S., CHEN, Y. (2024): Spatial planning strategies for urban ecology and heritage conservation in Macau: An investigation of ultra-high-density cities. Information, 15, 12, 799.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120799>
16. LIU, M.T., LIU, Y., MO, Z., NG, K.L. (2020): Using text mining to track changes in travel destination image: The case of Macau. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33, 2, 371−393.
<https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2019-0477>
17. MACCANNELL, D. (1973): Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 3, 589−603.
<https://doi.org/10.1086/225585>
18. MIMNO, D., WALLACH, H., TALLEY, E., LEENDERS, M., MCCALLUM, A. (2011): Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 262−272.
19. ÖZDEMIR, C., YOLAL, M. (2016): Cross-cultural tourist behavior: An examination of tourists’ behavior in guided tours. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17, 3, 314−324.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415589658>
20. POPP, M. (2012): Positive and Negative Urban Tourist Crowding: Florence, Italy. Tourism Geographies, 14, 1, 50−72.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.597421>
21. ROSENBERG, M.J., HOVLAND, C.I., MCGUIRE, W.J., ABELSON, R.P., BREHM, J.W. (1960): Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components. Yale University Press.
22. RUSSO, A.P. (2002): The “vicious circle” of tourism development in heritage cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 1, 165−182.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00029-9>
23. SCHUCKERT, M., LIU, X., LAW, R. (2015): A segmentation of online reviews by language groups: How English and non-English speakers rate hotels differently. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 143−149.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.12.007>
24. STEPCHENKOVA, S., KIM, H., KIRILENKO, A. (2014): Cultural differences in pictorial destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 54, 6, 758−773.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514535849>
25. SUNTIKUL, W., JACHNA, T. (2015): Profiling the heritage experience in Macao’s Historic Center. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 4, 308−318.
<https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2050>
26. TENG, Y., YANG, S., HUANG, Y. (2021): Structural features of the streetscape of Macau across four different spatial scales based on historical maps. PLOS ONE, 16, 10, e0258086.
<https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258086>
27. TUAN, Y.-F. (1977): Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Leonardo, 12, 3, 251.
<https://doi.org/10.2307/1574234>
28. TURNER, L.W., REISINGER, Y.V., MCQUILKEN, L. (2002): How cultural differences cause dimensions of tourism satisfaction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 11, 1, 79−101.
<https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v11n01_05>
29. VINYALS-MIRABENT, S. (2019): European urban destinations’ attractors at the frontier between competitiveness and a unique destination image: A benchmark study of communication practices. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 37−45.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.02.006>
30. WANG, N. (1999): Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 2, 349−370.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0>
31. WANG, P., LI, C., LIU, J. (2025): Research on tourist satisfaction evaluation of Macau’s built heritage space under the genius loci. Buildings, 15, 10, 1701.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101701>
32. WANG, Y., YAMAGUCHI, K., KAWASAKI, M. (2016): Urban revitalization in highly localized squares: A case study of the Historic Centre of Macao. URBAN DESIGN International, 23, 1, 34−53.
<https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-016-0009-5>
33. WANG, Z., PIYACHAT UDOMWONG, FU, J., PINTUSORN ONPIUM (2024): Destination image analysis and marketing strategies in emerging panda tourism: A cross-cultural perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 11, 1.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364837>
34. WONG, C.U.I., QI, S. (2017): Tracking the evolution of a destination’s image by text-mining online reviews – the case of Macau. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 19−29.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.03.009>
35. XIANG, S., GAO, Y., FU, L., LUO, S., ZHANG, Z. (2025): Cross-cultural communication effect analysis and improvement strategies of UGC from the perspective of digital humanities. Information Science, 1−24.
36. YANG, W., CHEN, Q., HUANG, X., XIE, M., GUO, Q. (2022): How do aesthetics and tourist involvement influence cultural identity in heritage tourism? The mediating role of mental experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
<https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.990030>
37. YIN, J., FENG, J., WU, R., JIA, M. (2023): Tourists’ perception of Macau’s city image: Based on the analysis of user-generated content (UGC) text data. Buildings, 13, 7, 1721.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071721>
38. , D., LI, X., ZHAO, Z., WANG, Y. (2023): Commercial experience and spatial structure of tourists in ancient town based on LDA mapping analysis: A case study of Dali Ancient City. Economic Geography, 43, 8.
39. ZHANG, Y., WANG, P., WEI, W., WANG, Z. (2024): How to construct an urban color system? Taking the Historic Center of Macau as an example. Buildings, 14, 9, 2874.
<https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092874>
40. , W., ZHENG, Y., ZHANG, L., LAN, X. (2024): A study of the influence of Austronesian culture on tourist destination image in the South Pacific region. Cultural Industry Research, 01, 99−113.
41. ZHOU, J., WANG, P. (2023): Multi-level research of living space with sensors and actuators technology in the Historic Centre of Macao from the perspective of space syntax. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 132, 103485.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2023.103485>
