Geografie 2025, 130, 221-250

https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.011

Climate and migration in historical perspective

Lukáš Dolák1,2ID, Rudolf Brázdil1,2ID, Sam White3,4ID, Qing Pei5ID, Dominik Collet3,6ID

1Czech Academy of Sciences, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czechia
2Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Brno, Czechia
3Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Center for Advanced Studies, Oslo, Norway
4University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political History, Finland
5Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Department of Chinese History and Culture, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
6University of Oslo, Institute for Archaeology, Conservation and History, Oslo, Norway

Received May 2025
Accepted August 2025

References

1. Abel, G.J., Brottrager, M., Cuaresma, J.C., Muttarak, R. (2019): Climate, conflict and forced migration. Global Environmental Change, 54, 239−249. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003>
2. Ackermann, M.E. (2002): Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
3. Adamson, G.C.D., Hannaford, M.J., Rohland, E.J. (2018): Re-thinking the present: The role of a historical focus in climate change adaptation research. Global Environmental Change, 48, 195−205. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.12.003>
4. Almulhim, A.I., Alverio, G.N., Sharifi, A., Shaw, R., Huq, S., Mahmud, M.J., Ahmad, S., Abubakar, I.R. (2024): Climate-induced migration in the Global South: an in depth analysis. npj Climate Action, 3, 47. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-024-00133-1>
5. AMRITH, S.S. (2013): Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. <https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt6wpmb1>
6. Arsenault, R. (1984): The end of the long hot summer: The air conditioner and southern culture. The Journal of Southern History, 50, 597−628. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2208474>
7. Auchmann, R., Brönnimann, S., Breda, L., Bühler, M., Spadin, R., Stickler, A. (2012): Extreme climate, not extreme weather: the summer of 1816 in Geneva, Switzerland. Climate of the Past, 8, 325−335. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-325-2012>
8. BAI, Y., KUNG, J.K-s. (2011): Climate shocks and Sino-nomadic conflict. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93, 3, 970−981. <https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00106>
9. Bayer, D. (1966): O gib mir Brot. Die Hungerjahre 1816 und 1817 in Württemberg und Baden. Deutsches Brotmuseum e.V., Ulm/Donau.
10. BAYER ALTIN, T., KAYA, M. (2020): Climatic and social change during the Little Ice Age in Cappadocia vicinity, southern central Anatolia, Turkey. Regional Environmental Change, 20, 1, 16. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01604-x>
11. Behrendt, S.D. (2009): Ecology, seasonality, and the Atlantic slave trade. In: Bailyn, B., Denault, P.L., eds.: Soundings in Atlantic History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 44−85. <https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674053533-002>
12. Benson, L.V., Pauketat, T.R., Cook, E.R. (2009): Cahokia’s boom and bust in the context of climate change. American Antiquity, 74, 3, 467−483. <https://doi.org/10.1017/S000273160004871X>
13. BHENDE, A., KANITKAR, T. (2024): Principles of Population Studies. Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
14. Bird, B., Wilson, J., Gilhooly III, W., Steinman, B.A., Stamps, L. (2017): Midcontinental native American population dynamics and late Holocene hydroclimate extremes. Scientific Reports, 7, 41628. <https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41628>
15. BORREGGINE, M., LATYCHEV, K., COULSON, S., POWELL, E.M., MITROVICA, J.X., MILNE, G.A., ALLEY, R.B. (2023): Sea-level rise in southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120, 17, e2209615120. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2209615120>
16. Boustan, L.P., Kahn, M.E., Rhode, P.W. (2012): Moving to higher ground: Migration response to natural disasters in the early twentieth century. American Economic Review, 102, 238−244. <https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.238>
17. Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Luterbacher, J., Moberg, A., Pfister, C., Wheeler, D., Zorita, E. (2010): European climate of the past 500 years: New challenges for historical climatology. Climatic Change, 101, 1−2, 7–40. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9783-z>
18. BRÁZDIL, R., DOBROVOLNÝ, P., MIKŠOVSKÝ, J., PIŠOFT, P., TRNKA, M., MOŽNÝ, M., BALEK, J. (2022): Documentary-based climate reconstructions in the Czech Lands 1501−2020 CE and their European context. Climate of the Past, 18, 4, 935–959. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022>
19. Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Pfister, C., Kleemann, K., Chromá, K., Szabó, P., Olinski, P. (2023): Weather and climate and their human impacts and responses during the Thirty Years’ War in Central Europe. Climate of the Past, 19, 9, 1863−1890. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023>
20. BRÁZDIL, R., CHROMÁ, K., VALÁŠEK, H., DOLÁK, L. (2012): Hydrometeorological extremes derived from taxation records for south-eastern Moravia, Czech Republic, 1751−1900 AD. Climate of the Past, 8, 2, 467–481. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-467-2012>
21. Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., von Storch, H., Luterbacher, J. (2005): Historical climatology in Europe – the state of the art. Climatic Change, 70, 3, 363−430. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1>
22. Brázdil, R., Řezníčková, L., Valášek, H., Dolák, L., Kotyza, O. (2016): Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands. Climate of the Past, 12, 1361−1374. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016>
23. BRÁZDIL, R., TRNKA, M., MIKŠOVSKÝ, J., ŘEZNÍČKOVÁ, L., DOBROVOLNÝ, P. (2015): Spring-summer droughts in the Czech Land in 1805−2012 and their forcings. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 7, 1405–1421. <https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4065>
24. BROWN, O. (2008): Migration and Climate Change. IOM Migration Research Series No. 31. International Organization for Migration, Geneva. <https://doi.org/10.18356/5ab20a38-en>
25. BROWN, P.J. (2023): Meteorological disasters in Medieval Britain (AD 1000−1500): Archaeological, Historical and Climatological Perspectives within a Wider European Context. De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110719628>
26. BRÖNNIMANN, S., KRÄMER, D. (2016): Tambora and the “Year Without a Summer” of 1816. A perspective on Earth and human systems science. Geographica Bernensia G90, 48 pp.
27. Brugnara, Y., Auchmann, R., Brönnimann, S., Allan, R.J., Auer, I., Barriendos, M., Bergström, H., Bhend, J., Brázdil, R., Compo, G.P., Cornes, R.C., Dominguez-Castro, F., van Engelen, A.F.V., Filipiak, J., Holopainen, J., Jourdain, S., Kunz, M., Luterbacher, J., Maugeri, M., Mercalli, L., Moberg, A., Mock, C.J., Pichard, G., Řezníčková, L., van der Schrier, G., Slonosky, V., Ustrnul, Z., Valente, M.A., Wypych, A., Yin, X. (2015): A collection of sub-daily pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period with a focus on the “year without a summer” 1816. Climate of the Past, 11, 1027−1047. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015>
28. Bu, X., Su, Y., Fan, L., Pei, Q., Pai, P.-L., Jiang, D. (2025): Climate change and migration across the Great Wall of China during the Little Ice Age. Geografie, 130, 3, 299−320. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.009>
29. BUISMAN, J. (1995): Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen 1 tot 1300. Uitgeverij Van Wijnen, Franeker.
30. BULIGA, A.L. (2016): Causes and effects of the migratory Italian waves in the 19th−20th centuries. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Series VII: Social Sciences, 58, 2, 53–60.
31. Burgdorf, A.-M., Brönnimann, S., Adamson, G., Amano, T., Aono, Y., Barriopedro, D., Bullón, T., Camenisch, C., Camuffo, D., Daux, V., Prieto, M. del R., Dobrovolný, P., Gallego, D., García-Herrera, R., Gergis, J., Grab, S., Hannaford, M.J., Holopainen, J., Kelso, C., Kern, Z., Kiss, A., Kuan-Hui Lin, E., Loader, N.J., Možný, M., Nash, D., Nicholson, S.E., Pfister, C., Rodrigo, F.S., Rutishauser, T., Sharma, S., Takács, K., Vargas, E.T., Vega, I. (2023): DOCU-CLIM: A global documentary climate dataset for climate reconstructions. Scientific Data, 10, 402. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02303-y>
32. Burzyński, M., Deuster, C., Docquier, F., de Melo, J. (2022): Climate change, inequality, and human migration. Journal of the European Economic Association, 20, 1145−1197. <https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab054>
33. BÜNTGEN, U., EGGERTSSON, O., OPPENHEIMER, C. (2024): Braided motivations for Iceland’s first wave of mass emigration to North America after the 1875 Askja eruption. Regional Environmental Change, 24, 2, 48. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02215-6>
34. Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J.O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., Esper, J. (2011): 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science, 331, 568−572. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175>
35. CAMPBELL, B.M.S. (2016): The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139031110>
36. Cattaneo, C., Beine, M., Fröhlich, C.J., Kniveton, D., Martinez-Zarzoso, I., Mastrorillo, M., Millock, K., Piguet, E. (2019): Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change. Working Paper 19−13. European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Milano. <https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez008>
37. CHEN, T., KUNG, J.K-S. (2022): War shocks, migration, and historical spatial development in China. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94, 3, 103718. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103718>
38. CHOWDHURRY-ZILLY, A.N. (1982): The Vagrant Peasant. Agrarian Distress and Desertion in Bengal 1770 to 1830. Steiner, Wiesbaden.
39. COHN, R.L. (2009): Mass Migration under Sail: European Immigration to the Antebellum United States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. <https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575211>
40. COLLET, D. (2019): Die doppelte Katastrophe. Klima und Kultur in der europäischen Hungerkrise 1770−1772. Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, Göttingen. <https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666355929>
41. COLLET, D., SCHUH, M. (2018): Famines: At the interface of nature and society. In: Collet, D., Schuh, M., eds.: Famines During the ʻLittle Ice Ageʼ (1300−1800): Socionatural Entanglements in Premodern Societies. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 3–16. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54337-6_1>
42. Colten, C.E. (2012): Forgetting the unforgettable: Losing resilience in New Orleans. In: Mauch, C., Mayer, S., eds.: American Environments: Climate Cultures Catastrophe. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, 159−176.
43. Culver, L. (2012): Manifest destiny and manifest disaster: Climate perceptions and realities in United States territorial expansion. In: Mauch, C., Mayer, S., eds.: American Environments: Climate Cultures Catastrophe. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, 7−30.
44. DAMETTE, O., GOUTTE, S., PEI, Q. (2020): Climate and nomadic migration in a nonlinear world: evidence of the historical China. Climatic Change, 163, 2055−2071. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02901-4>
45. Damm, C. (2025): (Im)mobile Vikings? Environmental stress, adaptation, and the decision not to leave. Geografie, 130, 3, 251−269. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.015>
46. Damodaran, V. (2007): Famine in Bengal. A comparison of the 1770 famine in Bengal and the 1897 famine in Chotanagpur. The Medieval History Journal, 10, 1−2, 143–181. <https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580701000206>
47. Damodaran, V., Allan, R., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Demarée, G.R., Gergis, J., Mikami, T., Mikhail, A., Nicholson, S.E., Norrgård, S., Hamilton, J. (2018): The 1780s: Global climate anomalies, floods, droughts, and famines. In: White, S., Pfister, C., Mauelshagen, F., eds.: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 517−550. <https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_34>
48. Danvers, F.C. (1877): A Century of Famines: Being Particulars of All the Famines that Have Visited India Since the Year 1770, and an Inquiry as to the Best Means of Providing Against Them. India Office, Calcutta.
49. Di Cosmo, N. (1994): Ancient Inner Asian nomads: Their economic basis and its significance in Chinese history. The Journal of Asian Studies, 53, 4, 1092−1126. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2059235>
50. Di Cosmo, N., HESSL, A., LELAND, C., BYAMBASUREN, O., TIAN, H., NACHIN, B., PEDERSON, N., ANDREU-HAYLES, L., COOK, E.R. (2018): Environmental stress and steppe nomads: Rethinking the history of the Uyghur Empire (744−840) with paleoclimate data. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 48, 4, 439–463. <https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_01194>
51. Diamond, J.M. (2005): Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking, New York.
52. DIEMER, K. (2009): Ursachen und Verlauf der Auswanderung aus Oberschwaben im 18. Jahrhundert. In: Fata, M., ed.: „Die Schiff stehn schon bereit“. Ulm und die Auswanderung nach Ungarn im 18. Jahrhundert. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 37−58.
53. Dolák, L., White, S., Huhtamaa, H., Pei, Q., Zhang, D. (2024): Climate and migration: Historical and present perspectives. Past Global Changes Magazine, 32, 139. <https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.32.2.139>
54. DONG, G., WANG, L., ZHANG, D.D., LIU, F., CUI, Y., LI, G., SHI, Z., CHEN, F. (2021): Climate-driven desertification and its implications for the ancient Silk Road trade. Climate of the Past, 17, 3, 1395−1407. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1395-2021>
55. Drake, B.L. (2017): Changes in North Atlantic Oscillation drove population migrations and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Scientific Reports, 7, 1227. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01289-z>
56. Engler, S., Mauelshagen, F., Werner, J., Luterbacher, J. (2013): The Irish famine of 1740−1741: Famine vulnerability and “climate migration”. Climate of the Past, 9, 1161–1179. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9–1161-2013>
57. Engler, S., Werner, J. (2015): Processes prior and during the early 18th century Irish famines – weather extremes and migration. Climate, 3, 1035−1056. <https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3041035>
58. ERLER, M.Y. (2012): Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kuraklık ve Kıtlık Olayları (1800−1880). Libra Kitap, İstanbul.
59. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2024): Exploring migration causes: Why people migrate. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20200624STO81906/exploring-migration-causes-why-people-migrate.
60. FAGAN, M.B. (2001): The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300−1850. Basic Books, New York.
61. Fang, J., Liu, G. (1992): Relationship between climatic change and the nomadic southward migrations in Eastern Asia during historical times. Climatic Change, 22, 151−168. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00142964>
62. FANG, X., SU, Y., ZHENG, J., XIAO, L., WEI, Z., YIN, J. (2018): The Social Impacts of Climate Change in China over the Past 2000 Years. China Science Publishing & Media, Beijing.
63. FANG, X., YE, Y., ZENG, Z. (2006): The interaction among extreme climatic events, farming of migrants and political management. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 36, 7, 680−688.
64. Fei, J., Pei, Q. (2025): Drought in 1628 AD and beginning of massive migration from Chinese mainland to Taiwan Island. Geografie, 130, 3, 321−337. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.010>
65. Fenske, J., Kala, N. (2015): Climate and the slave trade. Journal of Development Economics, 112, 19−32. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.10.001>
66. Foster, W.C. (2012): Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900−1600. University of Texas Press, Austin.
67. GACEU, O.R., CACIORA, T., BAIAS, Ș., MORAR, C., DUDAȘ, M., STUPARIU, M., MAXIM, M. (2025): Reconstruction of climatic events from the 16th century in Transylvania: interdisciplinary analysis based on historical sources. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1507143. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1507143>
68. GE, J., WU, S., CAO, S. (1997): Chinese Migration History. Fujian People’s Publishing House, Fu Jian.
69. Glaser, R., Himmelsbach, I., Bösmeier, A. (2017): Climate of migration? How climate triggered migration from southwest Germany to North America during the 19th century. Climate of the Past, 13, 1573−1592. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1573-2017>
70. Grandjean, K.A. (2011): New world tempests: Environment, scarcity, and the coming of the Pequot War. The William and Mary Quarterly, 68, 75−100. <https://doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0075>
71. GRAU-SATORRAS, M., OTERO, I., GÓMEZ-BAGGETHUN, E., REYES-GARCÍA, V. (2021): Prudent peasantries: Multilevel adaptation to drought in Early Modern Spain (1600−1715). Environment and History, 27, 1, 3–36. <https://doi.org/10.3197/096734019X15463432086964>
72. Gray, C., Wise, E. (2016): Country-specific effects of climate variability on human migration. Climatic Change, 135, 555−568. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1592-y>
73. Gutmann, M.P., Deane, G.D., Lauster, N., Peri, A. (2005): Two population-environment regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930−1990. Population and Environment, 27, 2, 191–225. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-006-0016-3>
74. HANG, X., SUN, Z., HE, J., XIN, J., ZHANG, S., ZHAO, Y., TAN, Z., HAN, L., HAO, Y. (2025): Temporal and spatial effects of extreme drought events on human epidemics over Ancient China in 1784−1787 CE. Environmental Health, 24, 1, 8. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01163-w>
75. Hauer, M.E., Jacobs, S.A., Kulp, S.A. (2024): Climate migration amplifies demographic change and population aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121, e2206192119. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206192119>
76. HODGE, A.R. (2012): ‘In want of nourishment for to keep them alive’: Climate fluctuations, bison scarcity, and the smallpox epidemic of 1780−82 on the Northern Great Plains. Environmental History, 17, 365–403. <https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emr153>
77. HOERDER, D. (2022): Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.
78. Hornbeck, R. (2012): The enduring impact of the American Dust Bowl: Short- and long-run adjustments to environmental catastrophe. American Economic Review, 102, 1477−1507. <https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1477>
79. HSU, K.J. (1998): Sun, climate, hunger and mass migration. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 41, 449−472. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02877737>
80. Hunter, L.M., Murray, S., Riosmena, F. (2013): Rainfall patterns and U.S. migration from rural Mexico. International Migration Review, 47, 874−909. <https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12051>
81. HUQ, S., REID, H., KONATE, M., RAHMAN, A., SOKONA, Y., CRICK, F. (2004): Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Climate Policy, 4, 1, 25−43. <https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2004.9685508>
82. İçduygu, A., Gören, H. (2023): Exploring temporal and topical dynamics of research on climate/environment–migration nexus: A critical comparative perspective. Migration Studies, 11, 4, 572−597. <https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnad021>
83. Ichino, M., Kurosu, S., Masuda, K. (2025): Solar radiation, rice prices, and migration in Northeastern Japan during the 18th and 19th centuries. Geografie, 130, 3, 369−388. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.013>
84. INGIMARSSON, S. (2024): “What a winter it was”: The 1257 Samalas eruption and the fall of the Icelandic Commonwealth. Scandinavian Journal of History, 50, 1, 26−51. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2024.2424243>
85. INGRAM, S.E., SCHOLLMEYER, K.G. (2021): Understanding past climate-related migration for our warming world. The Kiva, 87, 2, 220−252. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00231940.2021.1880170>
86. INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTRE (2025): 2024 Global Report on Internal Displacement, Geneva.
87. IPCC (2021): Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
88. IVANOVA, A., SINGH, D., RAI, P., RICHARDS, C., VASCONCELOS, H., GOLDSBY, M. (2024): Climate hazards and human migration: Literature review. Environmental Research: Climate, 3, 042002. <https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad6fc4>
89. JAKUS, Z.N. (2019): Migration patterns from the Dalmatian hinterland during and after the great hunger of 1453−1454 as a consequence of environmental and political crisis. In: Kiss, A., Pribyl, K., eds.: The Dance of Death in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe: Environmental Stress, Mortality and Social Response. Routledge, London, 159–174. <https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429491085-10>
90. Jennings, J.A., Gray, C.L. (2015): Climate variability and human migration in the Netherlands, 1865−1937. Population and Environment, 36, 255–278. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-014-0218-z>
91. Jia, X., Dong, G., Wang, L., Ma, M., Lee, H.F., Zhang, Z., Chen, F. (2016): How humans inhabited the northeastern Tibetan plateau during the Little Ice Age: A case study at Hualong County, Qinghai Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 7, 27−36. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.036>
92. Kaczan, D.J., Orgill-Meyer, J. (2020): The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights. Climatic Change, 158, 281−300. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0>
93. Kahle, M., Glaser, R. (2025): Digital innovations in historical climatology: classifying weather and climatic extremes and their impacts on societies using machine learning on written documents. Geografie, 130, 3, 271−297. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.014>
94. KISS, A., LASZLOVSZKY, J. (in press): Medieval Danube island monasteries: flood resilience, mitigation, prevention and adaption in the Middle Danube region (in print). In: Hüglin, S., Mehler, N. Petts, D., eds.: Islands, Monasteries and Water – Liquid Life on Liminal Land. Tübinger Forschungen zur Historischen Archäologie. Leiden, Sidestone.
95. Krämer, D. (2015): “Menschen grasten mit dem Vieh”. Die letzte grosse Hungerkrise der Schweiz 1816/1817. Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltgeschichte (WSU), 4. Schwabe Verlag, Basel. <https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-3447-8>
96. Kupperman, K. (1982): The puzzle of the American climate in the early colonial period. American Historical Review, 87, 1262−1289. <https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/87.5.1262>
97. Kwilinski, A., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., Dzwigol, H., Abazov, R., Pudryk, D. (2022): International migration drivers: Economic, environmental, social, and political effects. Sustainability, 14, 11, 6413. <https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116413>
98. LEE, J. (1978): Migration and expansion in Chinese history. In: McNeill, W.H., Adams, R.S., eds.: Human Migration: Patterns and Policies. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind., 20−47.
99. LI, Y., GE, Q., WANG, H., TAO, Z. (2017): Climate change, migration, and regional administrative reform: A case study of Xinjiang in the middle Qing Dynasty (1760−1884). Science China Earth Sciences, 60, 1328–1337. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9034-9>
100. Liang, B., Shi, G., Sun, Z., Babul, H., Zhou, M. (2023): Evolution trend and hot topic measurement of climate migration research under the influence of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1118037. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1118037>
101. LJUNGQVIST, F. C., SEIM, A., HUHTAMAA, H. (2021): Climate and society in European history. WIREs Climate Change, 12, 2, e691. <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.691>
102. LUDDEN, D. (1994): History outside civilisation and the mobility of South Asia. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 17, 1, 1−23. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00856407808722954>
103. Luterbacher, J., Pfister, C. (2015): The year without a summer. Nature Geoscience, 8, 246−248. <https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2404>
104. LUTERBACHER, J., DIETRICH, D., XOPLAKI, E., GROSJEAN, M., WANNER, H. (2004): European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science, 303, 5663, 1499−1503. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093877>
105. Lübken, U. (2019): Histories of the unprecedented: Climate change, environmental transformations, and displacement in the United States. Open Library of Humanities, 5, 1−25. <https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.347>
106. Mahajan, P., Yang, D. (2020): Taken by storm: Hurricanes, migrant networks, and US immigration. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12, 250−277. <https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180438>
107. Maretti, M., Tontodimamma, A., Biermann, P. (2019): Environmental and climate migrations: An overview of scientific literature using a bibliometric analysis. International Review of Sociology, 29, 1−17. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2019.1641270>
108. MASSEY, D. S., ARANGO, J., HUGO, G., KOUAOUCI, A., PELLEGRINO, A., TAYLOR, J. E. (1993): Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population & Development Review, 19, 3, 431−466. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462>
109. Mauelshagen, F. (2010): Klimageschichte der Neuzeit. WBG, Darmstadt.
110. Mauelshagen, F. (2018): Migration and climate in world history. In: White, S., Pfister, C., Mauelshagen, F., eds.: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 413−444. <https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_31>
111. McLeman, R.A. (2006): Migration out of 1930s rural eastern Oklahoma. Great Plains Quarterly, 26, 27−40.
112. McLeman, R.A. (2014): Climate and Human Migration: Past Experiences, Future Challenges. Cambridge University Press, New York. <https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139136938>
113. McLeman, R.A. (2018): Thresholds in climate migration. Population and Environment, 39, 319−338. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0290-2>
114. McLeman, R.A., Smit, B. (2006): Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, 76, 31−53. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9000-7>
115. Meeks, S.C., Anderson, D.G. (2013): Drought, subsistence stress, and population dynamics: Assessing Mississippian abandonment of the Vacant Quarter. In: Wingard, J.D., Hayes, S.E., eds.: Soils, Climate, and Society: Archaeological Investigations in Ancient America. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, 61−83.
116. MEYER, W. (2014): Americans and Their Weather. Oxford University Press, New York.
117. Micon, J., Birch, J. (2024): The materiality and temporality of St. Lawrence Iroquoian incorporation in late precolonial northern Iroquoia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 75, 101600. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2024.101600>
118. Murray-Tortarolo, G.N., Salgado, M.M. (2021): Drought as a driver of Mexico-US migration. Climatic Change, 164, 3, 48. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03030-2>
119. NEŠPOR, Z.R. (2005): České migrace 19. a 20. století a jejich dosavadní studium. Soudobé dějiny, 12, 2, 245−284. <https://doi.org/10.51134/sod.2005.017>
120. Oppenheimer, C. (2003): Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815. Progress in Physical Geography, 27, 230−259. <https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp379ra>
121. OTTERNESS, P. (2004): Becoming German. The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
122. Parker, G. (2013): Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press, New Haven. <https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bksk>
123. Pei, Q., Lee, H.F., Zhang, D.D. (2018): Long-term association between climate change and agriculturalists’ migration in historical China. The Holocene, 28, 2, 208−216. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617721325>
124. PEI, Q., LI, G., Winterhalder, B.P., Lowman, M. (2020): Regional patterns of pastoralist migrations under the push of reduced precipitation in imperial China. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29, 3, 433−443. <https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13040>
125. Pei, Q., Nowak, Z., Li, G., XU, C., CHAN, W.K. (2019): The strange flight of the peacock: Farmers’ atypical northwesterly migration from central China, 200 BC−1400 AD. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 109, 5, 1583–1596. <https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570837>
126. Pei, Q., Qiu, M., Li, G., Wu, K.M., Mordechai, L., Liu, W., Zhang, H. (2024): Cost of resilience to climate change: Migration, conflicts, and epidemics in imperial China. Environmental Research Letters, 19, 11, 114025. <https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7a8e>
127. Pei, Q., Zhang, D. (2014): Long-term relationship between climate change and nomadic migration in historical China. Ecology and Society, 19, 2, 68−76. <https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06528-190268>
128. Pei, Q., Zhang, D.D., Lee, H.F. (2016): Contextualizing human migration in different agro-ecological zones in Ancient China. Quaternary International, 426, 65−74. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.007>
129. Perch-Nielsen, L.S., Bättig, M.B., Imboden, D. (2008): Exploring the link between climate change and migration. Climatic Change, 91, 375−393. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9416-y>
130. PFISTER, C., BRÁZDIL, R. (2006): Social vulnerability to climate in the “Little Ice Age”: an example from Central Europe in the early 1770s. Climate of the Past, 2, 2, 115−129. <https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-115-2006>
131. Pfister, C., White, S., Mauelshagen, F. (2018): General introduction: Weather, climate, and human history. In: White, S., Pfister, C., Mauelshagen, F. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1−17. <https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_1>
132. PICCARRETA, M., CAPOLONGO, D., BOENZI, F. (2004): Trend analysis of precipitation and drought in Basilicata from 1923 to 2000 within a southern Italy context. International Journal of Climatology, 24, 7, 907−922. <https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1038>
133. Piguet, E. (2013): From “primitive migration” to “climate refugees”: The curious fate of the natural environment in migration studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103, 1, 148−162. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.696233>
134. Piguet, E., Kaenzig, R., Guélat, J. (2018): The uneven geography of research on ‘environmental migration’. Population and Environment, 39, 357−383. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-018-0296-4>
135. Piguet, E., Pécoud, A., de Guchteneire, P. (2011): Migration and climate change: An overview. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 30, 1−23. <https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdr006>
136. Póirtéir, C., ed. (2023): The Great Irish Famine. Mercier Press Ltd, Cork.
137. Post, J.D. (1977): The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, London.
138. Reuveny, R. (2007): Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26, 656−673. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001>
139. RICHTER, L. (2019): Semiotik, Physik, Organik: Eine Geschichte des Wissens vom Wetter (1750−1850). Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
140. Rogers, J.D. (2012): Inner Asian states and empires: Theories and synthesis. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20, 3, 205−256. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-011-9053-2>
141. Rohland, E. (2015): Hurricanes in New Orleans: Disaster migration and adaptation, 1718−1794. In: Sommer, B., ed.: Cultural Dynamics of Climate Change and the Environment in Northern America. Brill, Leiden, 137–158. <https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004300712_007>
142. Rohland, E. (2018): Adapting to hurricanes. A historical perspective on New Orleans from its foundation to hurricane Katrina, 1718−2005. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 9, e488. <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.488>
143. RÜTHER, A. (2018): The role of climate and famine in the medieval Eastern expansion. In: Collet, D., Schuh, M., eds.: Famines During the ‘Little Ice Age’ (1300−1800): Socionatural Entanglements in Premodern Societies. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 133–147. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54337-6_7>
144. Sánchez Arreseigor, J.J. (2017): Winter is coming: Europe’s deep freeze of 1709. National Geographic History January/February, 18−21.
145. Schulte Beerbühl, M. (2004): Frühneuzeitliche Flüchtlingshilfe in Großbritannien und das Schicksal der Pfälzer Auswanderer von 1709. In: Beer, M., Dahlmann, eds.: Über die trockene Grenze, über das offene Meer, binneneuropäische und transatlantische Migrationen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Klartext, Essen, 303−328.
146. Shaheen, A. (2011): Living on the margins: A socio-historical profile of the nomads in Pakistan. Pakistan Perspectives, 16, 1, 41−75.
147. SHEN, S. (2019): Historical and contemporary Korean emigration: A comparative analysis of ten waves of Korean migration. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20, 1, 31−47. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0599-4>
148. Sodnompilova, M.M., Nanzatov, B.Z. (2019): The idea of space among the nomads of Great Steppe. Social Evolution & History, 18, 2, 35−54. <https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.02.02>
149. Steinberg, T. (2006): Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America. Oxford University Press, New York.
150. TAMBORA (2012): The climate and environmental history collaborative research environment, https://tambora.org/ (28. 5. 2025).
151. TEKIN, S. (2015): Experienced droughts in Western Anatolia between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 33, 329−341. <https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2841>
152. TIAN, H., YAN, C., XU, L., ZHANG, Z. (2017): Scale-dependent climatic drivers of human epidemics in ancient China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 49, 12,970−12,975. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706470114>
153. Trigo, R.M., Vaquero, J.M., Alcoforado, M.-J., Barriendos, M., Taborda, J., García-Herrera, R., Luterbacher, J. (2009): Iberia in 1816, the year without a summer. International Journal of Climatology, 29, 99−115. <https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1693>
154. Valler, V., Franke, J., Brugnara, Y., Samakinwa, E., Hand, R., Lunstad, E., Burgdorf, A.-M., Lipfert, L., Friedman, A.R., Brönnimann, S. (2024): ­ModE-RA: a global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the modern era 1421 to 2008. Scientific Data, 11, 36. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02733-8>
155. VIDAL-CORDASCO, M., NUEVO-LÓPEZ, A. (2021): Resilience and vulnerability to climate change in the Greek Dark Ages. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 61, 101239. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101239>
156. VIELI, I. (2020): Swiss Volkskalender of the 18th and 19th Centuries – A New Source of Climate History? Master Thesis. University of Bern, Bern.
157. Wang, P.K., Lin, K.-H.E., Liao, Y.-C., Liao, H.-M., Lin, Y.-S., Hsu, C.-T., Hsu, S.-M., Wan, C.-W., Lee, S.-Y., Fan, I.-C., Tan, P.-H., Ting., T.-T. (2018): Construction of the REACHES climate database based on historical documents of China. Scientific Data, 5, 180288. <https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.288>
158. WEINSTEIN, J., PILLAI, V.K. (2015): Demography – The Science of Population. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD, London.
159. White, A.J., Stevens, L.R., Lorenzi, V., Munoz, S.E., Schroeder, S., Cao, A., Bogdanovich, T. (2019): Fecal stanols show simultaneous flooding and seasonal precipitation change correlate with Cahokia’s population decline. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 5461−5466. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809400116>
160. WHITE, S. (2011): The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, New York. <https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844058>
161. WHITE, S. (2014): Cold, drought, and disaster: The Little Ice Age and the Spanish conquest of New Mexico. New Mexico Historical Review, 89, 4, 425−458.
162. WHITE, S. (2017): A Cold Welcome: The Little Ice Age and Europe’s Encounter with North America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. <https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674981331>
163. White, S. (2018): Climate, history, and culture in the United States. WIREs Climate Change, 9, 6, e556. <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.556>
164. White, S., Collet, D., Alcoberro, A., Barriendos, M., Brázdil, R., Castell, P., Chen, S., de Coning, C., Degroot, D., Dolák, L., Döring, S., Gorostiza, S., Kleemann, K., Krampe, F., Lin, K.-H., Maughan, N., Melo, N., Molloy, B., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Pai, P., Pei, Q., Pfister, C., Serafimova, S., Zhang, D. (2025): Climate, peace, and conflict – past and present: Bridging insights from historical sciences and contemporary research. Ambio, 54, 774−792. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02109-1>
165. White, S., Pei, Q. (2020): Attribution of historical societal impacts and adaptations to climate and extreme events: Integrating quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Past Global Changes Magazine, 28, 2, 44−45. <https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2.44>
166. White, S., Pei, Q., Kleemann, K., DOLÁK, L., HUHTAMAA, H., CAMENISCH, C. (2023): New perspectives on historical climatology. WIREs Climate Change, 14, 1, e808. <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.808>
167. Wickman, T. (2015): “Winters embittered with hardships”: Severe cold, Wabanaki power, and English adjustments, 1690−1710. The William and Mary Quarterly, 72, 1, 57–98. 1. 0057 <https://doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.72>
168. Wickman, T. (2018): Narrating Indigenous histories of climate change in the Americas and Pacific. In: White, S., Pfister, C., Mauelshagen, F., eds.: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 387−411. <https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_30>
169. Wood, G.D’A. (2014): Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World. Princeton University Press, Princeton. <https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vjv5c>
170. Xiao, L.B., Fang, X.Q., Ye, Y. (2013): Reclamation and revolt: Social responses in Eastern Inner Mongolia to flood/drought-induced refugees from the North China Plain 1644−1911. Journal of Arid Environments, 88, 9–16. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.07.022>
171. XIAO, L., FANG, X., ZHENG, J., ZHAO, W. (2015): Famine, migration and war: Comparison of climate change impacts and social responses in North China between the late Ming and late Qing dynasties. The Holocene, 25, 6, 900−910. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615572851>
172. Ye, Y., Fang, X., Khan, M.A.U. (2012): Migration and reclamation in Northeast China in response to climatic disasters in North China over the past 300 years. Regional Environmental Change, 12, 193−206. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0245-6>
173. YUNUSBAYEV, B., METSPALU, M., METSPALU, E., VALEEV, A., LITVINOV, S., VALIEV, R., AKHMETOVA, V., BALANOVSKA, E., BALANOVSKY, O., TURDIKULOVA, S., DALIMOVA, D., NYMADAWA, P., BAHMANIMEHR, A., SAHAKYAN, H., TAMBETS, K., FEDOROVA, S., BARASHKOV, N., KHIDIYATOVA, I., MIHAILOV, E., KHUSAINOVA, R., DAMBA, L., DERENKO, M., MALYARCHUK, B., OSIPOVA, L., VOEVODA, M., YEPISKOPOSYAN, L., KIVISILD, T., KHUSNUTDINOVA, E., VILLEMS, R. (2015): The genetic legacy of the expansion of Turkic-speaking nomads across Eurasia. PLoS Genetics, 11, 4, e1005068. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068>
174. ZAPPIA, N.A. (2014): Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540−1859. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. <https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469615844.001.0001>
175. Zhang, D., Chen, S., Glaser, R., Fang, X. (2025): Drought, hunger, and migration: a retrospect of North China from the mid-18th century to the early 20th century. Geografie, 130, 3, 339−368. <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2025.012>
176. Zhang, D.D., Pei, Q., Fröhlich, C., Ide, T. (2019): Does climate change drive violence, conflict and human migration? In: Hulme, M., ed.: Contemporary Climate Change Debates: A Student Primer. Routledge, London, New York, 51−64. <https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429446252-5>
177. ZHANG, D.D., PEI, Q., LEE, H.F., ZHANG, J., CHANG, C.Q., LI, B., LI, J., ZHANG, X. (2015): The pulse of imperial China: A quantitative analysis of long‐term geopolitical and climatic cycles. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24, 1, 87−96. <https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12247>
178. ZHANG, D.D., ZHANG, J., LEE, H.F., HE, Y-q. (2007): Climate change and war frequency in eastern China over the last millennium. Human Ecology, 35, 403−414. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-007-9115-8>
179. Zhang, X., Wang, F., Lu, W., LI, S., ZHENG, J. (2022): Gridded reconstruction of the population in the traditional cultivated region of China from 1776 to 1953. Science China Earth Sciences, 65, 365−378. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9866-2>
180. Zheng, J., Xiao, L., Fang, X., HAO, Z., GE, Q., LI, B. (2014): How climate change impacted the collapse of the Ming dynasty. Climatic Change, 127, 2, 169−182. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1244-7>
181. ZHU, J.L., CHAU, N., Rodewald, A.D., Garip, F. (2024): Weather deviations linked to undocumented migration and return between Mexico and the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121, 46, e2400524121. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2400524121>
182. Zilberstein, A. (2016): A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America. Oxford University Press, New York. <https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190206598.001.0001>
183. ZOU, Y., ZHOU, H., CHEN, J., KUANG, Y. (2017): The decline of Pingcheng: Climate change impact, vulnerability and adaptation in the Northern Wei dynasty, China. Journal of Historical Geography, 58, 12−22. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2017.08.002>
front cover

ISSN 1212-0014 (Print) ISSN 2571-421X (Online)

Archive