Geografie 2018, 123, 379-405

https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2018123030379

Political security risks for tourism: The spatial perception of the Middle East by potential Czech tourists

Tomáš Krajňák, Jiří Vágner

Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Prague, Czechia

Received January 2018
Accepted July 2018

References

1. AKTAS, G., GUNLU, E. (2005): Crisis Management in Tourist Destinations. In: Theobald, W.: Global Tourism: Third Edition. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Maryland Heights, 440–457.
2. ALVAREZ, M., CAMPO, S. (2014): The Influence of Political Conflicts on Country Image and Intention to Visit: A study of Israelʼs image. Tourism Management, 40, 70–78. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.009>
3. ALY, H., STRAZICICH, M. (2000): Terrorism and Tourism: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Time Series Evidence From Some MENA Countries, https://www.trc.bus.ucf.edu/cdn/economics/workingpapers/2000-10.pdf (4. 9. 2015).
4. AVRAHAM, E. (2015): Destination Image Repair During Crisis: Attracting Tourism During the Arab Spring Uprisings. Tourism Management, 47, 224–232. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.003>
5. BECK, U. (1992): Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. SAGE Publications, London.
6. BECK, U. (2000): Risk Society Revisited: Theory, Politics and Research Programmes. In: Adam, B., Beck, U., van Loon, J. (eds.): The Risk Society and Beyond: Critical Issues for Social Theory. SAGE Publications, London, 211–229.
7. BEERLI, A., MARTÍN, J. (2004): Factors Influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 3, 657–681. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010>
8. BONHAM, C., EDMONDS, C., MAK, J. (2006): The Impact of 9/11 and Other Terrible Global Events on Tourism in the U.S. and Hawaii. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 1, 99–110. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506288812>
9. CAMPO, S., ALVAREZ, M. (2010): Country Versus Destination Image in a Developing Country. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 27, 7, 748–764.
10. CASTLES, S. (2010): Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformative Perspective. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 36, 10, 1565–1586. <https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381>
11. CAVLEK, N. (2002): Tour Operators and Destination Safety. Annals of Tourism Research. 29, 2, 478–496. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00067-6>
12. CLEMENTS, M., GEORGIOU, A. (1998): The Impact of Political Instability on a Fragile Tourism Product. Tourism Management, 19, 3, 283–288. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00012-0>
13. ČEJKA, M. (2013): Izrael a Palestina: minulost, současnost a směřování blízkovýchodního konfliktu. Barrister and Principal, Brno.
14. ČERNÝ, K. (2009): Edward W. Said: Orientalismus. Západní koncepce Orientu. Sociologický časopis, 45, 5, 1132–1136.
15. ČERNÝ, K. (2011): Svět politického islámu. Lidové noviny, Praha.
16. ČSÚ (2016): Tab. 4.2.2 Delší cesty rezidentů do zahraničí, https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/cru_cr (26. 6. 2016).
17. DAHER, R. (2007): Reconceptualizing Tourism in the Middle East: Place, Heritage, Mobility and Competitiveness. In: Daher, R. (ed.): Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, Change and Transformation. Channel View Publications, Clevedon, 1–69.
18. DAVISON, R. (1960): Where Is the Middle East? Foreign Affairs, 38, 4, 13–30. <https://doi.org/10.2307/20029452>
19. DICKSON, T., DOLNICAR, S. (2004): No Risk, No Fun: The Role of Perceived Risk in Adventure Tourism, http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1256&context=commpapers (12. 11. 2014).
20. DRBOHLAV, D. (1991): Mentální mapy ČSFR. Definice, aplikace, podmíněnost. Geografie, 96, 3, 163–176.
21. DROBÍK, T., HOCH, T., RUDINCOVÁ, K. (2012): Cestovní ruch v Africe a na Blízkém východě. Ostravská univerzita, Ostrava.
22. ENDERS, W., SANDLER, T. (1991): Causality between Translational Terrorism and Tourism: the Case of Spain. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 14, 1, 49–58.
23. FIALOVÁ, D., NOVÁKOVÁ, A. (2011): Rizikové faktory pro cestovní ruch. Geografické rozhledy, 21, 2, 28–29.
24. FIELDING, D., SHORTLAND, A. (2011): How Do Tourists React to Political Violence? An Empirical Analysis of Tourism in Egypt. Defence and Peace Economics, 22, 2, 217–243. <https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2011.542340>
25. GOULD, P., WHITE, R. (1986): Mental Maps. Routledge, London.
26. GREGORY, D. (2005): Performing Cairo: Orientalism and the City of the Arabian Nights. In: AlSayyad, N., Bierman, I., Rabbat, N. (eds.): Making Cairo Medieval. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland, 69–93.
27. HALL, C., OʼSULLIVAN, V. (1996): Tourism, Political Stability and Violence. In: Pizam, A., Mansfeld, Y. (eds.): Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 105–121.
28. HAZBUN, W. (2006): Explaining the Arab Middle East Tourism Paradox. The Arab World Geographer, 9, 3, 201–214.
29. HENDL, J. (2015): Přehled statistických metod: Analýza a metaanalýza dat. Portál, Praha.
30. HUNTINGTON, S. (1997): The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Touchstone, New York.
31. Institute for Economics and Peace (2016): Global Peace Index 2015: Measuring Peace, Its Causes and Its Economic Value, http://static.visionoÚumanity.org/sites/default/files/Global%20 Peace%20Index%20Report%202015_0.pdf (1. 6. 2016).
32. JALILVAND, M., SAMIEI, N. (2012): Perceived Risks in Travelling to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3, 2, 175–189. <https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211232573>
33. JELEN, L. (2016): Sýrie – hlavní zdrojová země uprchlické krize. Geografické rozhledy, 25, 3, 5–7.
34. KOVJANIC, G. (2014): Islamic Tourism as a Factor of the Middle East Regional Development. Turizam, 18, 1, 33–43. <https://doi.org/10.5937/Turizam1401033K>
35. KÖVÁRI, I., ZIMÁNYI, K. (2011): Safety and Security in the Age of Global Tourism (The Changing Role and Conception of Safety and Security in Tourism). Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 5, 3–4, 59–61. <https://doi.org/10.19041/Apstract/2011/3-4/10>
36. KRAJŇÁK, T. (2016): Politicko-vojenská rizika pro cestovní ruch na Blízkém východě. Diplomová práce. Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, katedra sociální geografie a regionálního rozvoje, Praha.
37. KROPÁČEK, L. (1999): Blízký východ na přelomu tisíciletí: dynamika přeměn v muslimském sousedství Evropy. Vyšehrad, Praha.
38. LUTZ, B., LUTZ, J. (2017): Globalization and the Economic Consequences of Terrorism. Palgrave, London.
39. MÁCHA, P., DROBÍK, T., ŠUMBEROVÁ, M., ŽENKA, J., TENZIN, E., ŠPIRKOVÁ, P. (2015): Geopolitické představy české veřejnosti. Geografie, 120, 4, 564–584.
40. MANSFELD, Y. (1996): Wars, Tourism and the “Middle East” Factor. In: Pizam, A., Mansfeld, Y. (eds.): Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 265–278.
41. MORAKABATI, Y. (2013): The Tourism in the Middle East: Conflicts, Crises and Economic Diversification, Some Critical Issues. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15, 4, 375–387. <https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1882>
42. NEUMAYER, E. (2004): The Impact of Political Violence on Tourism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48, 2, 259–281. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002703262358>
43. ÖZALP, O. (2011): Where is the Middle East? The Definition and Classification Problem of the Middle East as a Regional Subsystem in International Relations. Turkish Journal of Politics, 2, 2, 5–21.
44. PÁSKOVÁ, M. (2008): Kognitivní a mentální mapy v cestovním ruchu. In: Zelenka, J. (ed.): Výzkum kognitivních a mentálních map. Univerzita Hradec Králové, Fakulta informatiky a managementu, Hradec Králové, 83–90.
45. PLOG, S. (1974): Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity. The Cornell Quarterly, 14, 9, 55–58. <https://doi.org/10.1177/001088047401400409>
46. RITCHIE, B. (2004): Chaos, Crises and Disasters: A Strategic Approach to Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Tourism Management, 25, 6, 669–683. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004>
47. ROCHOVSKÁ, A., KÁČEROVÁ, M., ONDOŠ, S. (2014): Výskumné metódy v humánnej geografii a ich aplikácie. Univerzita Komenského v Bratislavě.
48. SAID, E. (1978): Orientalism. Pantheon Books, New York.
49. SAID, E. (2001): The Clash of Ignorance: Labels like “Islam” and “the West” Serve Only to Confuse Us about a Disorderly Reality, http://www.thenation.com/article/clash-ignorance/ (6. 7. 2014).
50. SEDDIGHI, H., NUTTALL, M., THEOCHAROUS, A. (2001): Does Cultural Background of Tourists Influence the Destination Choice? An Empirical Study with Special Reference to Political Instability. Tourism Management, 22, 2, 181–191. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00046-7>
51. SIWEK, T. (2011): Percepce geografického prostoru. Česká geografická společnost, Praha.
52. SÖNMEZ, S. (1998): Tourism, Terrorism, and Political Instability. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 2, 416–456. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00093-5>
53. SÖNMEZ, S., GRAEFE, A. (1998a): Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 2, 172–177. <https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209>
54. SÖNMEZ, S., GRAEFE, A. (1998b): Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 1, 112–44. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8>
55. ŠIMON, O. (2011): Aktérství EU v boji proti somálskému pirátství. Mezinárodní vztahy, 46, 4, 38–56.
56. ŠTĚPÁNEK, V., KOPAČKA, L., ŠÍP, J. (2001): Geografie cestovního ruchu. Univerzita Karlova, Praha.
57. ŠTYRSKÝ, J. (2008): Mentální mapy v geografii. In: Zelenka, J. (ed.): Výzkum kognitivních a mentálních map. Univerzita Hradec Králové, Fakulta informatiky a managementu, Hradec Králové, 95–102.
58. TOUŠEK, V., KUNC, J., VYSTOUPIL, J., eds. (2008): Ekonomická a sociální geografie. MU Brno.
59. VÁGNER, J. (2011): Vývoj cestovního ruchu. Geografické rozhledy, 21, 1, 4–5.
60. WILLIAMS, A., BALÁŽ, V. (2015): Tourism Risk and Uncertainty: Theoretical Reflections. Journal of Travel Research, 54, 3, 271–287. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514523334>
61. World Bank (2016): Various Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ (13. 5. 2016).
62. ZELENKA, J., PÁSKOVÁ, M. (2012): Výkladový slovník cestovního ruchu. Linde Praha.
front cover

ISSN 1212-0014 (Print) ISSN 2571-421X (Online)

Archive